Frontal Lobes Motor Cortex, Cognition, and Speech

The frontal lobes are one of the four main lobes or regions of the cerebral cortex. They are positioned at the front-most region of the cerebral cortex and are involved in movement, decision-making, problem-solving, and planning. The frontal lobes can be subdivided into two main areas: the prefrontal cortex and the motor cortex. The motor cortex contains the premotor cortex and primary motor cortex. The prefrontal cortex is responsible for personality expression and the planning of complex cognitive behaviors. The premotor and primary motor areas of the motor cortex contain nerves that control the execution of voluntary muscle movement. Location Directionally, the frontal lobes are located in the anterior portion of the cerebral cortex. They are directly anterior to the parietal lobes and superior to the temporal lobes. The central sulcus, a large deep groove, separates the parietal and frontal lobes. Function The frontal lobes are the largest brain lobes and are involved in several functions of the body including: Motor FunctionsHigher-Order FunctionsPlanningReasoningJudgmentImpulse ControlMemoryLanguage and Speech The right frontal lobe controls activity on the left side of the body and the left frontal lobe controls activity on the right side. An area of the brain involved in language and speech production, known as Brocas area, is located in the left frontal lobe. The prefrontal cortex is the front portion of the frontal lobes and manages complex cognitive process such as memory, planning, reasoning, and problem-solving. This area of the frontal lobes functions to help us set and maintain goals, curb negative impulses, organize events in time order, and form our individual personalities. The primary motor cortex of the frontal lobes is involved with voluntary movement. It has nerve connections with the spinal cord, which enable this brain area to control muscle movements. Movement in the various areas of the body is controlled by the primary motor cortex, with each area linked to a specific region of the motor cortex. Body parts requiring fine motor control take up larger areas of the motor cortex, while those requiring simpler movements take up less space. For example, areas of the motor cortex controlling movement in the face, tongue, and hands take up more space than areas linked to the hips and trunk. The premotor cortex of the frontal lobes has neural connections with the primary motor cortex, spinal cord, and brainstem. The premotor cortex enables us to plan and perform proper movements in response to external cues. This cortical region helps to determine the specific direction of a movement. Frontal Lobe Damage Damage to the frontal lobes can result in a number of difficulties such as a loss of fine motor function, speech, and language processing difficulties, thinking difficulties, an inability to comprehend humor, a lack of facial expression, and changes in personality. Frontal lobe damage can also result in dementia, memory disorders, and a lack of impulse control. More Cortex Lobes Parietal Lobes: These lobes are positioned directly posterior to the frontal lobes. The somatosensory cortex is found within the parietal lobes and is positioned directly posterior to the motor cortex of the frontal lobes. The parietal lobes are involved in receiving and processing sensory information.Occipital Lobes: These lobes are positioned at the back of the skull, inferior to the parietal lobes. The occipital lobes process visual information.Temporal Lobes: These lobes are located directly inferior to the parietal lobes and posterior to the frontal lobes. The temporal lobes are involved in a multitude of functions including speech, auditory processing, language comprehension, and emotional responses.

Japan American Case International Business Negotiations...

[pic] TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction. 2 2. Negotiations with Japanese and Americans. 2 2.1 The impact of culture on negotiations 2 2.1.1 The Japanese Culture†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.....†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..2 2.1.2 The American Culture†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 2.2 Differences in negotiation styles between Japan and the US†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 2.3 The profile of a Japanese and an American negotiatior 6 3. The case of Motorola and Toshiba 9 3.1 Introduction to Joint Ventures 9 3.2 General facts about Toshiba, Motorola and TSC 10 3.3 Objectives and agreements 10 3.4 Factors of success 11 3.5 Lessons drawn from the case 12 4. Our intercultural team work 13 4.1 Our team work process 15 4.2 Presentation†¦show more content†¦Individualism in the American society means first and foremost self-determination and self-actualization. Another element of the American culture is the egalitarianism. The high regard of equality can be seen in the pursuit of equal opportunities, in the refusal of authority and paternalism, the requirement of participation as well as in the preference of informal behavior. (Stahl/Langeloh/Kà ¼hlmann, 1999: 57) The law for the protection of minorities, against discrimination and the debate of political correctness are also highly developed in The United States. Those values of equal opportunities and freedom are anchored in the Declaration of independence (4 July 1776): â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, and that they are endowed by their creator with certain inalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.† The action orientation and the focus on results is another key element of the American culture. (Stahl/Langeloh/Kà ¼hlmann, 1999: 85) Americans are pragmatic, looking for a solution that works, while not looking for every solution possible and thinking about their pros and cons but rather by simplifying complex problems and looking for instant solutions. This way of problem solving is linear and acquires less time. (Stahl/Langeloh/Kà ¼hlmann, 1999: 90) According to the motto:Show MoreRelatedMarket Entry Strategy1352 Words   |  6 Pagesrevolutionized Smart Cars to two foreign countries, Japan and Germany. 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The Life of Mikhail Gorbachev Free Essays

Kelsey Murray World History 26 February 2013 Nick Williamson The Life of Mikhail Gorbachev Mikhail Gorbachev’s life began much like many children in the small village of Privolnoye. His parents were peasant farmers but when the collectivization program took action, Gorbachev’s father went to work for the government. Only ten years old when the Nazis invaded the Soviet Union, Gorbachev experienced his father being drafted into the Soviet military. We will write a custom essay sample on The Life of Mikhail Gorbachev or any similar topic only for you Order Now After four torturous years in the military, Gorbachev’s father survived. Mikhail Gorbachev was known as a hard worker, excellent student and did his best to help support his family. His interest in politics lead him to join the Komsomol. Gorbachev wanted to exceed in everything he did. He decided to apply to the prestigious Moscow State University to further his education. After being accepted he decided to study law in order to better his speaking and debating skills, which would help in his political career. While in college he met Raisa Titoenko and fell in love. The two married in 1953 and four years later had their first and only daughter whose name was Irina. The start to Gorbachev’s political career began with the promotion into the Communist Party. He eventually received the highest position, first secretary. National politics is what he was striving for and at age 47 he obtained the position as the youngest member of the Politburo. Gorbachev had lots of experienced behind the scene working with General Secretary Yuri Andropov and felt that he was ready to achieve the title, General Secretary. After failing once he tried again and became the leader of the Soviet Union. Gorbachev had a strong belief that the Soviet economy needed reforms. He did something many citizens never saw coming. He allowed and encouraged citizens o freely voice their opinions. He also allowed Soviet citizens to travel, cracked down on alcohol abuse, and pushed for the use of computers and technology. He’s most impressive movement was the deal he made between the Soviet Union and the United States. The two countries competed with each other over who could produce the largest cache of nuclear weapons. He met with Regan and agreed to stop making nucl ear weapons, to end the arms race. Gorbachev did many good things for the Soviet Union and was even awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1990 but yet many citizens disliked Gorbachev having ower and continued to be critical towards him. Did the citizens have a reason to be critical? The answer is yes. Gorbachev’s reforms did not help the Soviet Union’s economy but actually weakened it. This caused many countries to abandon Communism and many republics within the Soviet Union demanded independence. All the pressure from the failing economy proved too much for Gorbachev and he resigned as president of the Soviet Union on December 25, 1991. (Rosenberg) Works Cited Rosenberg, Jennifer. â€Å"Mikhail Gorbachev. † About. com. 26 February 2013. http://history1900s. about. com/od/people/p/gorbachev. htm How to cite The Life of Mikhail Gorbachev, Essays

International Trade

Question: Critically examine the gains from international trade. Is free trade the best policy to maximize these gains from international trade? (Justify your answered with examples of theory, policy and empirical example) Answer: Introduction 200 International trade has an effect due to the variations in their productive factors in various countries. Due to these variations in their productive factors effects on their prices differently in various countries. These price differences are the chief reason behind the international trade. There are huge number advantages or benefits of international trade accumulating and building up all of the participants those who are related to such type of trade (De Moraes 45-46). If there is any argument on trade, then most of the economists in the world agree that among the countries trade is the most important factor which makes the world better and developed. Though the international trade is a controversial and debatable factor in the case of both types of political issues which are arises between the governments and domestically. Fair trade is an alternative business structure, a system for the global progress, global commerce system and it also a faith-based actions. It means different things for the different individual. There is no authoritative body, no single and regulatory. Thus, the people should explore the different concepts and models (Farrer). Fair-trade is a trading partnership and it also depend on transparency, dialogue and also the respect that explains to seeks the greater equity in the business of international If it distributes to the sustainable expansion to offer the better trading situations to and it also secures their rights and it also disadvantaged the workers and producers. Main Body 700 When a business firm or a person purchase any goods or accept a service in abroad which is produced more cheaply and increase the living standards of the people in both countries. The term Free Trade means that the countries have the ability to export and import goods, not including any barriers regarding tariffs or taxes or another barrier regarding the products which have no tariffs to their trade. The free trade facilitated the customers by low price goods and increased the standard and amount of exports, which increase the level of benefits according to the scale of economies and make a better choice within the range of goods (Hansen 29-59). Through this free trade business, it can explain that when the countries have lower opportunity cost, and then there is an increase and growth in the welfare of the economic conditions of all of the countries. Free trade facilitates the countries to become expertise in those goods when they obtain comparative advantage or benefit. Along with the benefits and advantages for the importing goods of the consumers, the business firms also exports goods which have a comparative advantage or benefit which also shows a huge improvement in the economic welfare of the countries (Topik 145-148). Due to the low rate of tariffs on the export materials of UK, it will make possible and facilitates a large quantity of jobs which boost the export business in the UK and also increase the growth and development in the economic condition of UK. Along with the increase of tendency doing international business or trade, the domestic business firms faces tough competition from the side of the other foreign countries. Therefore, there should be more amounts of incentives which can cut the costs of the products and also increase the efficiency and affectivity of the business. Since 1945, the rate of international trade or business is increased by 7% in average. Due to this international trade or business, it helps in growth and development of t he financial or economical condition of that particular country(Rice n/a-n/a). Fair trade is primarily a response to the common trade failure to the deliver sustainable livelihoods and expansion also the opportunities to the public in the developing nations in the world. The primary object of the fair trade is to be consistent with the standards values and the principles but it also flexible at the implementation level and this type of challenges in defining the ideas in concrete and the practical procedures which need to apply universally. Conversely, to understand the underlying guides and the principles of the Fair-trade are crucial and it as an adoption of this procedures to segregate the principles, risks also losing a vital part of the entire philosophy that has been progressed through dialogue and also experience by the fair trade companies over the year (Roberts). This is also described to trend in this part of a broad range of social responsibility, though there rapidly inc reased the acceptance which sufficient compliance needs the original and genuine commitment. According to this text, the fair trade is unquestionable which is effectiveness is influenced not just through that is a company or the firm does, but also how and why they do this. The main aim of the fair trade is to connect consumers and the producers, and it also promotes the more appropriate trading situations and also built the relationship between the producers and the consumers about strengthen the situation, poverty and also they manage their lives. This assignment allows representing a whole diagram of the certified organizations; farmers and the workers and it also detect that how they benefited from the fair trade. To obtain a precise understanding of how fair trade helped the public, it also designated comprehensive tools for evaluating and the monitoring impact (Singh). The benefits of the fair trade means are to create the system through the fair trade policy which allows the small workers and the farmers to improve their standard living. The benefits of the fair trade incorporate amongst such other facilitated to access the market, extended period relationships, and also the better trading situations are created most of the scenario, a fair-trade minimum cost for the goods with a fair trade premium. Conclusion 100 Traditional trade theory is accepted and well settled. If there is any argument on trade, then most of the economists in the world agree that among the countries trade is the most important factor which makes the world better and developed. International trade has an effect due to the variations in their productive factors in various countries. Due to these variations in their productive factors effects on their prices differently in various countries (Suomela). These price differences are the chief reason behind the international trade. In this globalized world, very few numbers of people would voices up questions about the benefits of free trade. For the growth and development of the global economic condition, free trade is more important and essential than fair trade. Though, free trade, and fair trade both have a common factor regarding the global justice, global prosperity and poverty alleviation. Through this study, it can be said that fair trade is an efficient and competent m easure for supervising and improving the system of free trade. References De Moraes, M. (2008). Fair Globalization Means Free Trade in Agriculture.New Perspectives Quarterly,18(3), 45-46. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0893-7850.00421 Farrer, T. (1885).Free trade versus fair trade. London: Cassell Co. Hansen, J. (2009). Free Trade, Fair Prices, and Sustainable Deficits.Challenge,52(6), 29-59. https://dx.doi.org/10.2753/0577-5132520602 Rice, J. (2009). Free trade, fair trade and gender inequality in less developed countries.Sustainable Development, n/a-n/a. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sd.407 Roberts, R. (2001).The choice. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Singh, N. (2001).Free trade versus fair trade. New Delhi: Anmol Publications. Suomela, J. (1993).Free trade versus fair trade. Turku, Finland: Institute for European Studies. Topik, S. (2010). Fair Trade versus Free Trade in the World of Coffee: Gavin Fridell Fair Trade Coffee: The Prospects and Pitfalls of Market-Driven Social Justice. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2007. xix + 347 pp.Latin American Perspectives,37(2), 145-148. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0094582x09356964